Nodes play a significant role in operating the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). As the second-largest cryptocurrency in circulation, Ethereum runs on a complex system that demands a solid grasp of its technical aspects. Understanding how nodes work is essential to fully appreciate Ethereum’s reliability and security.
This article aims to explain what a node in Ethereum is, how it works, the different types of nodes, the comparison between full and archive nodes, how nodes function after the merge, and how to choose the right type of node for your needs. If you’re just diving into the Ethereum ecosystem, this breakdown will help you make sense of how it all connects.
What Is Node in Ethereum
A node refers to one of the computers connected to the Ethereum network. In the context of Ethereum client software, it functions as part of a large network of computers that secure, collaborate, and stay in sync to verify and record every Ethereum transaction. It’s one of the many backbones keeping Ethereum alive.
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Every node stores a full history of the exact same transactions. This shared data is what we call the blockchain. The more active nodes there are, the more secure and stable the Ethereum network becomes. By distributing identical copies of data across many computers, the system ensures a level of security that’s tough to compromise.
How Node Works
In the Ethereum network, a node can take many forms, from a smartphone to an advanced PC. As long as the device can connect to the network and store a copy of the blockchain, it qualifies as a node. This flexibility is what makes Ethereum a highly decentralized and accessible network.
Running a node today isn’t as complicated as it was in the early days. Back then, you needed a high-end PC and super-fast internet to get started. Now, thanks to platforms like Chainstack or Embark, almost anyone can run a node. These tools simplify the whole process by allowing users to manage and monitor nodes without diving deep into the technical side.
An Ethereum node has a few key functions, such as verifying transactions to prevent any unauthorized attempts at tampering. Additionally, nodes help increase capacity and boost network speed, making it possible for multiple users to access Ethereum simultaneously. This efficiency ensures that the network can grow without slowing down or becoming unstable.
To put it simply, a node acts as a crucial building block in keeping Ethereum running. It tracks transactions, secures the system, and makes sure everything stays optimized. Without enough nodes, the entire Ethereum network would be far more vulnerable to cyber-attacks and failures.
Types of Nodes
In the Ethereum network, there are thousands of active nodes working together to maintain the system. They are typically put into three major types: full nodes, archive nodes, and light nodes. Each type has its own unique role and function in keeping Ethereum up and running. Knowing the difference between these types can help you decide which one suits your needs best.
Full Node
A full node is the type of node that holds only the most current data from the blockchain. Particularly, it possesses the last 128 blocks, and if you’re operating fast synchronization, it naturally accesses just the prior 64 blocks, which usually covers around a week’s worth of data before it’s refreshed. This makes it efficient for daily use without needing massive storage capacity.
The main role of a full node is to verify new transactions, making sure the data on the network is authentic and not tampered with. To run a full node, you’ll need a device with strong performance, at least 16 GB of RAM, a 1 TB SSD, and a stable internet connection of no less than 25 Mbps. It’s a good middle ground for those who want full participation in the network without going overboard.
Archive Node
Unlike a full node, an archive node stores the complete transaction history of Ethereum from the very beginning. This includes the genesis block, which marks the network’s starting point, and goes all the way up to the latest block. It’s essentially a full historical record of everything that’s ever happened on the chain.
An archive node is used mainly for viewing old data or comparing past blockchain states to current ones. Because it stores a massive amount of data and takes longer to sync, it requires more powerful hardware. You’ll need a much larger RAM setup and at least 12 TB of SSD storage, plus a stable and high-speed internet connection. This kind of node is typically used by researchers, developers, or blockchain analytics platforms.
Light Node
Similar to the name implies, a light node is the simplified version of a full node. Instead of storing the entire blockchain, it only holds the block headers, a summarized version of each block containing key data points. Think of it as reading the headlines instead of the full article.
Light nodes are fitting for devices with inflexible capacity, such as smartphones, smartwatches, home devices, or even vehicles. Despite being lightweight, they can still connect to the Ethereum network and perform essential tasks. This makes them a great fit for users who don’t need to verify every transaction but still want network access.
These nodes are often used by companies or organizations that need constant connection to the Ethereum network without the burden of storing massive data. Their flexibility allows real-time access and monitoring, although only on a surface level. It’s a practical option for staying synced with the network without investing in heavy-duty hardware.
Full Node Vs Archive Node
A node in the Ethereum network possesses an important role in storing and verifying transaction data. The most widely known type of nodes are the full node and archive node. Though the two help to maintain the network, they have different functions, requirements, and usages.
Functions
A full node stores only the most recent data on the blockchain, typically the latest 128 blocks, or just 64 blocks when using fast synchronization. Its main job is to verify new transactions and blocks, which means it doesn’t offer access to older transaction history.
This makes it ideal for users focused on current network activity rather than historical analysis.
In contrast, an archive node keeps all blockchain data from the very beginning of Ethereum’s history. This includes every single transaction, past block, and old network state. Its function is to provide complete access to the network’s history, saving users from manually tracking past activities. This type of node is especially useful for developers, researchers, or anyone needing deep insights or long-term data trends.
Requirements
Full nodes and archive nodes serve different purposes, which means they also require different device specifications to run efficiently. Choosing the right hardware setup is crucial if you want your node to perform optimally without constant troubleshooting.
A full node needs at least a 4-core CPU, 16 GB of RAM, a fast SSD with 1 TB capacity, and a stable internet connection with speeds of at least 25 Mbps. This setup is generally manageable for most users who want to contribute to the network without storing historical data.
On the other hand, an archive node demands more power. It requires a minimum of a 4-core CPU, 16 GB of RAM (though the more, the better), a high-performance SSD with at least 12 TB of space, and the same 25 Mbps internet speed. This is because the node has to continuously store and manage Ethereum’s growing historical data.
In short, archive nodes need more advanced hardware and regular upkeep to stay synced with the expanding blockchain. Without proper resources, running an archive node can quickly become overwhelming and inefficient.
Suitable Devices
Full nodes can be operated on a basic server or computer with average to advanced specifications. They’re a good fit if you’re developing dApps or simply need access to the latest data to interact with the Ethereum network. This makes full nodes a practical choice for developers or casual users who don’t require full historical data.
Archive nodes, on the other hand, handle a much heavier workload since they access the complete archive of all Ethereum transactions. Because of this, they’re more suitable for high-performance devices. Using a standard device isn’t recommended, as the data continues to grow and could quickly overwhelm less capable systems.
Usages
Full nodes are more suitable for application developers, validators, or anyone who wants to help maintain the network without dealing with large-scale data processing. They provide real-time access to recent blockchain activity without the storage burden. This makes them ideal for users focused on speed, efficiency, and current interactions within the Ethereum ecosystem.
Archive nodes, on the other hand, are better suited for those deeply involved in the blockchain industry, such as researchers, explorer developers, or hedge funds that require access to Ethereum’s full transaction history. Their ability to retrieve and analyze past data makes them essential for in-depth blockchain analysis and reporting.
Nodes After the Merge
The merger is a notable occurrence in the blockchain industry. Ever since Ethereum launched in 2015, developers have been discussing how to make the network more energy-efficient. In December 2020, Ethereum started operating the Beacon Chain, an additional blockchain running in parallel with Mainnet Ethereum, marking the shift away from the old Proof of Work (PoW) system.
After the merge, Ethereum now has many nodes, each serving its own specific function. Back in the day, full nodes were used to validate transactions by solving mathematical equations to generate PoW. Currently, the validation process is done through staking, so there’s no longer any heavy computing involved.
Aside from the full node, there haven’t been any major changes to the archive node and light node. Both still function as they are used to archive nodes and provide access to the full history, while light nodes offer brief transaction data.
There have been several positive changes post-merge, such as an increase in the number of nodes due to the combination of Mainnet and Beacon Chain. The Ethereum network has become more decentralized and secure, keeping up with the growing user base. Most importantly, the validation process is now more eco-friendly, as it no longer relies on energy-intensive computing.
Choosing the Right Type of Node
Choosing the suitable Ethereum node can’t be taken lightly. Each node has different functions, and strengths, and is suitable for various needs. Your choice has to align with your intent of usage and device capacity.
According to Purpose of Usage
A full node is suitable if you’re using Ethereum for personal purposes. You can verify transactions and data without having to rely on another user’s node. This way, your interaction with the blockchain is safer and more transparent.
Moreover, a full node can also be used to interact directly with smart contracts on the public blockchain. Besides, you can even produce and upload smart contracts to the Ethereum web yourself.
An archive node is more suitable for specific needs. It’s useful if you or your application needs to retrieve old data from the blockchain for research purposes, historical transaction tracking, or deep analysis.
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A light node is suitable for low-storage devices or devices with limited specifications, as its function is simply to access brief information about transactions. This type is useful for secondary access, especially when paired with a more capable node like the full or archive version.
According to Resources
If you have a standard device that’s on the more advanced side and want to support the Ethereum network while interacting with smart contracts, choosing a full node may be wise.
However, if you have a high-performing device that’s beyond average, the archive node can be an option. It’s worth mentioning that archive nodes demand more complex maintenance to deliver access to the full history of transactions. Because of this, you’ll need to consider the maintenance costs in the long run.
Light nodes can run on lightweight devices, such as laptops, smartphones, home devices, or even vehicles. It’s best to use a light node when you already have one of the main two types. However, if you only have a lite device, you can run a light node just to check basic info and rely on another user who runs a full or archive node to access more detailed data.
According to Blockchain Data Access
If you want access to Ethereum where you can verify transactions and ensure security, a full node is more fitting. If you want to develop dApps or do research that requires the full history of transactions, an archive node is the best option. Lastly, if you seek smooth and flexible access, a light node can be the right choice.
Conclusion
Ethereum nodes are essential for keeping the network secure and running smoothly. Choosing between a full, archive, or light node depends on your needs and device capabilities. Full nodes are great for verifying transactions and interacting securely with the blockchain, while archive nodes provide full historical data for research but need powerful hardware. Light nodes deliver short, easy access on low-spec devices.
Picking the right node type ensures you get the access and performance you need. Whether you want full security, detailed data, or simple flexibility, there’s an Ethereum node that fits your goals and setup, helping you stay connected to the evolving network with ease.
Disclaimer: The information provided by HeLa Labs in this article is intended for general informational purposes and does not reflect the company’s opinion. It is not intended as investment advice or recommendations. Readers are strongly advised to conduct their own thorough research and consult with a qualified financial advisor before making any financial decisions.
Hey, I’m Kamila. I used to write about lifestyle trends and culture, until tech caught my eye, and didn’t let go. What started with covering digital products turned into a deep dive into Web3. Now, I help make blockchain topics less intimidating and more human, one piece of content at a time.
