What is Layer 1 (L1) in Blockchain?

Layer 1 (L1) in blockchain technology is the foundation upon which the entire decentralized world is built, yet for many, its role remains abstract and elusive. To understand what Layer 1 truly represents, imagine it as the bedrock of a vast and ever-growing digital metropolis. Just like cities need strong infrastructure to support skyscrapers, bridges, and highways, the blockchain ecosystem requires a solid base to handle transactions, secure the network, and ensure scalability.

Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana serve this fundamental purpose. They are the original chains that handle all on-chain operations, providing the essential services that enable smart contracts, decentralized applications (dApps), and peer-to-peer transactions to function. What makes L1 blockchains truly fascinating is their ability to secure an entire network autonomously, without relying on external systems or intermediaries. But as more users flood into the decentralized space, the limitations of Layer 1 — such as scalability and transaction speed — become increasingly apparent.

This is where innovation is driving efforts to improve L1 protocols or extend their capabilities through Layer 2 solutions. But before diving into Layer 2, it’s crucial to grasp the importance of Layer 1 as the core of blockchain’s promise: decentralization, security, and trust in a borderless digital world. The evolution of Layer 1 is far from over, and its potential to redefine global finance and technology has only just begun to unfold.

What is Layer 1 (L1)?

Layer 1 (L1) in blockchain represents the very backbone of decentralized systems, serving as the foundational layer upon which the entire blockchain ecosystem is built. Think of Layer 1 as the bedrock of the digital world, where all the core processes such as transaction validation, consensus mechanisms, and network security occur. Unlike higher-layer solutions like Layer 2, which build on top of this foundation to increase scalability, Layer 1 blockchains operate independently and directly handle the key elements of a blockchain network.

Some of the most well-known Layer 1 blockchains include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and newer entrants like Solana, all of which offer their own unique innovations and consensus protocols, such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), or variations thereof. But beyond the technicality, what makes Layer 1 blockchains especially fascinating is their transformative potential. These blockchains aren’t just about cryptocurrencies—they are the foundation for decentralized applications (dApps), smart contracts, decentralized finance (DeFi), and more.

Layer 1 serves as the infrastructure that promises to redefine traditional industries, challenging centralized systems in finance, governance, and commerce. The core of a Layer 1 blockchain lies in its decentralization—no single entity controls the network. This shift in power is groundbreaking because it allows for trustless systems where individuals can interact directly without intermediaries. Yet, Layer 1 blockchains are facing their own set of growing pains. Issues around scalability, high transaction fees, and energy consumption have ignited debates and innovations. Ethereum, for instance, has transitioned to Ethereum 2.0, incorporating Proof of Stake to improve energy efficiency and scalability.

Also Read: Top 10 Blockchain Supply Chain Startups in 2025

These improvements reflect the rapid evolution of Layer 1 networks as they adapt to the demands of mass adoption, where millions of users and billions of devices are expected to interact across decentralized platforms. One of the most compelling aspects of Layer 1 technology is its potential to foster inclusivity and equality in financial systems. In many regions of the world, access to banking services remains a challenge, leaving billions without formal financial inclusion. Layer 1 blockchains, with their open-source and decentralized nature, are creating new pathways for individuals to engage in global markets, access credit, or securely store value, all without needing traditional banking infrastructure.

In the near future, the lines between digital and physical assets will blur even more, as Layer 1 blockchains facilitate tokenization—where real-world assets, from real estate to art, can be represented and traded on a blockchain. This opens the door to fractional ownership models, unlocking liquidity and providing new opportunities for global investors.

The interplay between Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions, cross-chain interoperability, and the rise of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) all signal that we are just scratching the surface of Layer 1’s transformative capabilities. In essence, Layer 1 blockchains are not just technical innovations—they are the groundwork for a decentralized, borderless future that challenges the status quo in every industry.

From finance to healthcare, from governance to entertainment, the impact of Layer 1 blockchains will be felt in every corner of society, offering new levels of transparency, security, and autonomy that were once unimaginable. This is the foundation upon which the decentralized web (Web3) will be built, and its potential is as vast as the internet itself. As more developers, users, and innovators join the movement, Layer 1 is set to become the cornerstone of a more equitable, decentralized digital economy.

The Key Types of Layer 1 Blockchain Scaling Solutions

As blockchain technology continues to evolve, the need for scaling solutions becomes more critical. Layer 1 blockchains, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and others, face challenges in processing a high volume of transactions efficiently while maintaining security and decentralization. This is where Layer 1 scaling solutions come into play. These solutions aim to improve the capacity and performance of the base blockchain layer without compromising the core principles of the network. Let’s explore the key types of Layer 1 blockchain scaling solutions.

1. Sharding

Sharding is a method that divides a blockchain network into smaller, more manageable pieces called “shards.” Each shard processes its own transactions and smart contracts, allowing the network to handle many transactions simultaneously. By breaking the network into multiple parts, each shard operates independently, reducing the overall workload and increasing throughput. One of the most prominent projects working on sharding is Ethereum 2.0.

Sharding solves the problem of scalability by distributing the data load across the network, making it possible for blockchains to support a significantly higher transaction volume without slowing down.

2. Block Size Increase

Another method to scale Layer 1 blockchains is by increasing the size of the blocks. In a blockchain, transactions are grouped into blocks, and larger blocks can accommodate more transactions. Bitcoin Cash is an example of a blockchain that increased its block size from 1MB to 8MB to enhance throughput. By allowing more transactions per block, the network can process more data at once.

However, increasing block size has its trade-offs. While it improves transaction throughput, it may lead to centralization, as larger blocks require more storage and bandwidth, potentially excluding smaller nodes from participating in the network.

3. Consensus Mechanism Optimization

Improving the consensus mechanism is another way to enhance the scalability of Layer 1 blockchains. Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus, used by Bitcoin, is notoriously slow and energy-intensive. As an alternative, newer blockchains are adopting consensus mechanisms like Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT).

Also Read : Top 15 Layer 2 (L2) Crypto List to Consider in 2025

These mechanisms are generally faster, require less computational power, and can handle more transactions per second (TPS). Ethereum’s transition to PoS through Ethereum 2.0 is a prime example of a Layer 1 blockchain enhancing its consensus mechanism to achieve greater scalability.

4. Parallel Processing

Parallel processing involves running multiple transactions and processes at the same time, rather than sequentially. Traditional blockchains process transactions one after the other, which can create a bottleneck. With parallel processing, multiple operations can be executed in parallel, thus improving the throughput of the network.

One of the key examples of parallel processing in blockchain is Solana, which uses a combination of Proof-of-History (PoH) and Tower BFT to enable extremely fast transaction speeds.

5. Segregated Witness (SegWit)

Segregated Witness (SegWit) is a solution that was first introduced to the Bitcoin blockchain. It separates the transaction signatures (witness data) from the transaction data itself, allowing more transactions to fit within a single block. By restructuring the data within each block, SegWit improves the blockchain’s efficiency and scalability without increasing the block size.

Although initially developed for Bitcoin, SegWit has been adopted by other Layer 1 blockchains to enhance scalability without sacrificing decentralization or security.

6. State Channels

While technically bridging between Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions, state channels are an on-chain scaling technique that allows parties to conduct transactions off-chain and only settle the final state on-chain. By minimizing the number of on-chain interactions, state channels drastically reduce congestion and increase transaction throughput.

The Limitations of Layer 1 Blockchains

Blockchain technology has been hailed as revolutionary, offering decentralized, transparent, and secure ways to handle digital transactions. However, as the demand for blockchain grows, so too do the cracks in its foundation—particularly in Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. These base-layer networks, which form the backbone of many cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications (dApps), have been facing mounting limitations that threaten their ability to scale for global use. In this article, we explore the core limitations of Layer 1 blockchains and why they alone can’t keep up with the growing demands of the digital economy.

1. Scalability Bottleneck: Limited Transactions per Second

One of the most significant issues plaguing Layer 1 blockchains is their inability to scale effectively. Bitcoin can process only around 7 transactions per second (TPS), while Ethereum manages roughly 15 TPS. In comparison, traditional payment systems like Visa handle thousands of transactions per second. As blockchain usage increases, Layer 1 networks become congested, leading to slower transaction processing times and a frustrating user experience. For instance, during periods of high demand—like NFT drops or DeFi surges—Ethereum’s network becomes bottlenecked, causing delays that can last for hours.

Why does this happen? Layer 1 blockchains prioritize decentralization and security over speed, which means every transaction must be verified by a global network of nodes before it is finalized. This heavy computational process slows down the network, creating a massive scalability hurdle for widespread adoption.

2. High Transaction Fees: The Cost of Network Congestion

As demand for block space on Layer 1 chains increases, so do transaction fees. In 2021, Ethereum’s gas fees skyrocketed, forcing users to pay exorbitant amounts to get their transactions processed quickly. At its peak, simple transfers could cost anywhere from $20 to $100, making it nearly impossible for small-scale users to interact with the network affordably.

This fee structure creates a barrier for everyday users, limiting access to decentralized applications and financial services. High transaction fees also hinder the adoption of blockchain for microtransactions, where users need to send small amounts of money across borders quickly and cheaply. For a system that prides itself on financial inclusion, these high costs make it far less accessible.

3. Energy Consumption: The Environmental Impact of Proof of Work

One of the key security mechanisms used by Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin is Proof of Work (PoW). While PoW is highly secure, it requires vast amounts of computational power, leading to significant energy consumption. Bitcoin mining alone consumes more electricity than some entire countries, drawing criticism from environmentalists and governments worldwide.

This energy-intensive process raises questions about the sustainability of Layer 1 blockchains, particularly as the world becomes more eco-conscious. Newer consensus mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS) are being explored, but for Layer 1 blockchains that rely on PoW, energy usage remains a significant challenge.

Also Read: 10 Best Crypto Loan Providers to Check this 2025

4. Centralization Risk from Scaling Efforts

Efforts to scale Layer 1 networks often come with a trade-off—centralization. For example, increasing the size of blocks (the data packets that record transactions) may seem like a straightforward way to allow more transactions per second. However, larger blocks require more powerful hardware to validate them, pushing smaller nodes out of the network. This means fewer participants are controlling the blockchain, which weakens the system’s decentralization.

Bitcoin’s contentious block size debate is an example of how scaling can lead to community divides. Some advocated for larger blocks to improve transaction throughput, while others argued this would lead to centralization and reduce the number of people able to run a full node. Ultimately, the issue of centralization risk remains a critical consideration when attempting to scale Layer 1 blockchains.

5. Slow and Complex Upgrades: Governance and Hard Fork Risks

Layer 1 blockchains are notoriously slow to upgrade due to their decentralized governance structures. Unlike traditional software systems where updates can be rolled out centrally, Layer 1 networks require consensus from a large and diverse group of stakeholders, including miners, developers, and node operators. This can lead to delays in implementing critical improvements.

Moreover, hard forks—where the blockchain splits into two separate chains due to disagreements over upgrades—are always a looming risk. A prominent example of this was the Ethereum Classic hard fork in 2016, which created two distinct chains after a contentious disagreement over handling a hacked decentralized organization (DAO). Hard forks can fracture the community, create confusion, and potentially reduce trust in the network.

6. Limited Smart Contract Functionality

Not all Layer 1 blockchains are created equal when it comes to supporting advanced features like smart contracts. While Ethereum excels at this, others, like Bitcoin, have limited functionality in this area. Without robust smart contract capabilities, Layer 1 blockchains are constrained in the types of applications they can support, making it difficult for them to keep pace with the innovation happening in the decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible token (NFT) spaces.

This limitation restricts the growth of new decentralized applications, which could help drive mass adoption of blockchain technology.

7. The Blockchain Trilemma: Security, Scalability, and Decentralization Trade-Offs

The blockchain trilemma—a term coined by Ethereum’s co-founder, Vitalik Buterin—describes the challenge of simultaneously achieving scalability, security, and decentralization. Layer 1 blockchains can typically excel in two of these areas but struggle to optimize all three. For example:

• Bitcoin is highly secure and decentralized, but it sacrifices scalability.
• Solana, on the other hand, focuses on speed and scalability, but critics argue that it compromises on decentralization.

This balancing act means that no Layer 1 blockchain can provide a perfect solution, creating a need for new approaches or Layer 2 solutions to address these trade-offs.

Layer 1 vs Layer 2: The Differences in Blockchain Scaling

Blockchain technology has grown tremendously in recent years, revolutionizing industries and transforming how we handle data, transactions, and digital assets. However, as the adoption of blockchain increases, one challenge remains front and center—scalability. To tackle this issue, the blockchain ecosystem is divided into two primary categories: Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions. Each plays a significant role in enhancing the efficiency, speed, and capacity of blockchain networks. Here’s we’ll explore the key differences between Layer 1 and Layer 2, their functions, and how they work together to solve scalability issues.

1. Core Functionality:

• Layer 1: The base blockchain layer responsible for processing and validating all transactions (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum).
• Layer 2: A secondary framework built on top of Layer 1 to improve scalability by offloading transactions (e.g., Lightning Network, Polygon).

2. Scalability Approach:

• Layer 1: Enhances performance by upgrading the core blockchain, such as through consensus mechanisms or block size increases.
• Layer 2: Increases throughput by processing most transactions off-chain and settling the results on Layer 1.

3. Transaction Speed:

• Layer 1: Typically slower due to decentralization and security considerations.
• Layer 2: Much faster as transactions occur off-chain, leading to quicker confirmations.

4. Transaction Costs:

• Layer 1: Higher fees due to network congestion and the need for more resources.
• Layer 2: Lower fees by minimizing on-chain transactions, making it more cost-effective.

5. Security:

• Layer 1: Provides the highest level of security, as it directly secures the blockchain network.
• Layer 2: Relies on the security of Layer 1 but may have a slight trade-off in decentralization.

6. Examples:

• Layer 1: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana.
• Layer 2: Lightning Network (Bitcoin), Polygon (Ethereum), Optimistic Rollups (Ethereum).

7. Upgrade Flexibility:

• Layer 1: Upgrades can be complex and require significant protocol changes, such as Ethereum’s transition to Proof of Stake.
• Layer 2: More agile, providing immediate scaling benefits without altering the underlying Layer 1 blockchain.

The Relationship Between Layer 1 and Layer 2

Layer 1 and Layer 2 work together to improve the overall performance of blockchain networks. While Layer 1 solutions focus on enhancing the base layer, such as implementing sharding or upgrading consensus algorithms (like Ethereum’s shift to Proof of Stake), Layer 2 solutions tackle scalability from a different angle. They offer ways to increase transaction throughput without overloading the Layer 1 blockchain.

For example, Ethereum can only process around 15 transactions per second (TPS) at Layer 1, which is insufficient for large-scale applications. By adding Layer 2 solutions like Optimistic Rollups or zk-Rollups, Ethereum’s transaction throughput can significantly increase while maintaining decentralization and security.

Layer 1 vs. Layer 2: The Key Differences

Layer 1 Upgrades vs. Layer 2 Solutions

While both Layer 1 upgrades and Layer 2 solutions address scalability, they do so in different ways. Layer 1 upgrades focus on improving the blockchain’s core technology, such as moving from PoW to PoS or implementing sharding, which directly impacts the performance of the network. These upgrades often require significant changes to the protocol and may take years to implement.

Layer 2 solutions, on the other hand, are more agile and can be applied without altering the underlying blockchain. They provide immediate scalability benefits by processing transactions off-chain, allowing the blockchain to support more users and applications without the need for a complete overhaul.

Why Layer 1 and Layer 2 Solutions Are Key to Blockchain Adoption

The importance of Layer 1 and Layer 2 scaling solutions in blockchain adoption cannot be overstated, yet many people still view them through a purely technical lens, missing the bigger picture. These solutions aren’t just about increasing transaction speeds or reducing fees—they’re fundamentally about accessibility and global inclusion. Layer 1 networks, like Ethereum, set the foundation for decentralized ecosystems, but as demand grows, they become congested, expensive, and slow. This is where Layer 2 solutions step in. They act as the bridge between cutting-edge technology and everyday use, providing faster, cheaper, and more efficient transactions.

But here’s the real game-changer: Layer 2 is what will allow blockchain to scale globally, making it feasible for people in developing countries to use decentralized finance (DeFi), engage in decentralized commerce, or even participate in digital governance without being hindered by cost or speed issues. Think of it like the evolution of the internet—Layer 1 is the infrastructure, but Layer 2 is what will drive mass adoption, just as broadband did for the web.

It’s not just about technology; it’s about empowering billions of people to enter the blockchain space without the barriers of high fees or slow confirmation times. As we push towards Web3 and decentralized applications, Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions are the keys to unlocking a future where blockchain isn’t just for tech enthusiasts, but for everyone, everywhere.

Consensus Mechanisms: The Foundation of Layer 1 Blockchain Security

Consensus mechanisms are the backbone of Layer 1 blockchains, playing a critical role in ensuring the security, integrity, and functionality of decentralized networks. These mechanisms are responsible for validating transactions and maintaining the distributed ledger, ensuring that all participants in the network reach an agreement, or “consensus,” on the current state of the blockchain. The choice of consensus mechanism has profound implications for a blockchain’s performance, scalability, energy efficiency, and level of decentralization.

One of the earliest and most well-known consensus mechanisms is Proof of Work (PoW), used by Bitcoin and initially by Ethereum. PoW requires network participants, known as miners, to solve complex cryptographic puzzles to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. While highly secure, PoW is also energy-intensive and can be slow, which has led to the development of alternative mechanisms such as Proof of Stake (PoS). Proof of Stake, adopted by platforms like Ethereum 2.0, Cardano, and Avalanche, shifts the validation process from computational power to ownership of the network’s native tokens.

Also Read: 12 Best Crypto Portfolio Trackers to Check this 2025

Validators are chosen to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to “stake” as collateral. This method is more energy-efficient and can offer faster transaction times, making it increasingly popular in modern blockchain designs. Other consensus mechanisms, like Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA), offer variations tailored to specific use cases. DPoS, used by platforms like EOS and Tron, involves a smaller group of elected delegates who are responsible for validating transactions, which enhances efficiency but may reduce decentralization.

PoA, used by networks such as Binance Smart Chain, relies on a few trusted validators, providing high throughput and low latency but requiring a higher degree of trust in the validators. Innovative approaches like Avalanche’s consensus protocol, which uses a combination of random sampling and repeated voting, and Polkadot’s Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS), which emphasizes security and scalability through a multichain architecture, showcase the ongoing evolution and diversity in consensus mechanisms. Each mechanism offers a different balance of speed, security, and decentralization, tailored to the needs of the specific blockchain and its intended applications.

How Does Layer 1 Operate in Different Contexts?

Layer 1 refers to the first layer in various systems or models, and its specific operation can vary significantly depending on the context in which it is being used. Here are a few different contexts in which Layer 1 might operate:

1. Computer Networking

The Physical Layer’s significance lies in its responsibility for the actual transmission of data over the network medium. It handles tasks like encoding, modulation, and signaling, which are crucial in converting digital data into electrical or optical signals that can traverse the physical network medium. Additionally, the layer deals with issues such as signal attenuation, noise, and signal distortion, working to maintain the integrity and quality of data transmission across the network.

Moreover, the Physical Layer encompasses various hardware components, such as network interface cards, cables, connectors, repeaters, and switches. Each of these elements plays a vital role in facilitating data transfer and ensuring seamless communication between devices. While the OSI model is a conceptual framework, the Physical Layer’s tangible hardware aspects make it a fundamental building block for establishing reliable and efficient networks. Overall, by focusing on the essential task of transporting data as raw bits, the Physical Layer serves as a critical foundation for the entire OSI model and enables the successful functioning of higher network layers responsible for data manipulation, addressing, and routing.

2. Blockchain

Blockchain technology has fundamentally transformed various industries by providing a decentralized and immutable ledger system. At its core, Layer 1 focuses on the consensus mechanism, a critical process that guarantees agreement among all network participants about the validity of transactions and the state of the blockchain. In the case of Proof of Work, like in Bitcoin, participants compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles, expending computational power to validate transactions and create new blocks. 

On the other hand, Proof of Stake allows participants to validate blocks and be rewarded based on the number of coins they hold and are willing to “stake” as collateral. This distinction showcases the diverse approaches to achieving consensus and highlights how crucial it is for the security and reliability of the blockchain network. As blockchain technology continues to evolve, further research and development in consensus mechanisms aim to address scalability, energy efficiency, and security concerns, ultimately unlocking new possibilities for decentralized applications and the broader adoption of blockchain solutions.

3. Telecommunications

In modern telecommunication networks, Layer 1 serves as the fundamental physical foundation for data transmission. This layer involves the conversion of raw data into electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals, depending on the transmission medium used. For instance, in wired systems, Layer 1 is concerned with converting digital data into electrical signals for transmission through copper cables, while in wireless systems, it involves transforming data into radio waves for wireless propagation. 

The integrity of Layer 1 is crucial as any disruptions or distortions at this level can severely impact the overall quality and reliability of communication. Engineers and technicians working with Layer 1 technologies must ensure that signals are transmitted with minimal loss, noise, and interference, to maintain seamless and efficient data transfer throughout the network.

While the specifics might vary based on the technology or industry in question, the underlying principle remains the same: Layer 1 is about establishing and maintaining a reliable and effective communication or transmission medium.

Key Components of Layer 1 in Blockchains

L1 blockchains, also known as layer-one blockchains, are the foundational layer of blockchain networks. They serve as the base layer upon which various decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts are built. Layer 1 blockchains are designed to provide secure, transparent, and immutable data storage while enabling decentralized consensus mechanisms. Here, we’ll delve into the key components that make up L1 blockchains:

1. Block Production

In the world of decentralized finance (DeFi), blockchain technology plays a pivotal role in ensuring transparent and secure transactions. Miners or validators, utilizing computational power, work to generate blocks on the Layer1 chain. These blocks, interconnected through references to earlier ones, store crucial data about new transactions, thereby creating an immutable and publicly accessible ledger called the blockchain. As the popularity of DeFi continues to soar, the robustness of blockchain’s underlying architecture becomes even more vital in sustaining the trust of participants and promoting the widespread adoption of this transformative technology.

2. Transaction Finality

The concept of irreversibility in blockchain transactions is fundamental to the technology’s security and trustworthiness. Once a transaction is included in a block and added to the blockchain, it becomes nearly impossible to alter or reverse. This assurance is achieved through cryptographic principles and consensus mechanisms that require a majority of network participants to agree on the validity of the transaction.

The time it takes for a transaction to reach this irrevocable state can differ across blockchains, depending on factors such as block confirmation times, consensus algorithms, and network congestion. Some blockchains may require several confirmations before considering a transaction irreversible, ensuring a higher level of confidence in the transaction’s validity.

Also Read: 7 New Promising Layer 1 Blockchain Projects in 2025

3. Native Assets

Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), play a fundamental role in enabling transactions and incentivizing miners/validators within the first layer (L1) blockchains. These digital coins serve as a medium of exchange and store of value within their respective networks. On the other hand, tokens operate as the lifeblood of decentralized applications and networks built on top of L1 blockchains.

These tokens often represent assets or utility within specific ecosystems, providing users with access to services, voting rights, or other functionalities within the decentralized platforms. While coins function as the backbone of L1 chains, tokens empower a diverse range of decentralized projects and innovations, fostering a dynamic and rapidly evolving crypto landscape.

4. Security

Indeed, L1 (Layer 1) blockchains play a pivotal role in establishing the foundational security parameters for a network. These critical aspects encompass the consensus mechanism, which determines how nodes agree on the state of the blockchain and validate transactions. Examples of popular consensus mechanisms are Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS).

PoW requires miners to compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles to add blocks to the chain, while PoS relies on validators who are chosen to validate transactions based on the number of coins they “stake” or lock up as collateral. Additionally, L1 chains define the rules governing how these validators interact, such as determining how new blocks are proposed, how conflicts are resolved, and how rewards and penalties are distributed. By setting these security parameters, L1 blockchains establish a robust and trustworthy foundation for decentralized networks to operate efficiently and securely.

Top 7 List of Layer 1 (L1) in Blockchain Examples (Update 2025)

The world of blockchain technology is marked by constant innovation and evolution, with Layer 1 blockchains serving as the bedrock of decentralized ecosystems. Join us as we delve into the top 7 Layer 1 blockchains that are reshaping the future of decentralized applications and digital transactions.

1. HeLa 

HeLa has emerged as a top contender in the Layer 1 blockchain space in 2024, making waves with its innovative approach to scalability, security, and interoperability. Unlike many of its predecessors, HeLa is designed from the ground up to address the growing demands of decentralized applications (dApps) and enterprises looking for robust, scalable blockchain solutions.

What sets HeLa apart is its unique consensus mechanism, which combines the strengths of Proof of Stake (PoS) with advanced sharding technology. This hybrid approach allows HeLa to process thousands of transactions per second without compromising on decentralization or security. As a result, HeLa is not just fast; it’s also secure, making it an attractive option for developers and businesses alike.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, HeLa stands out as a leading Layer 1 blockchain in 2024, offering a blend of speed, security, and interoperability that few others can match. Whether for decentralized finance (DeFi), NFTs, or enterprise solutions, HeLa is proving to be a go-to platform for those looking to leverage the full potential of blockchain technology.

2. Ethereum 

Ethereum has solidified its position as the leading Layer 1 blockchain, standing tall as the foundational infrastructure of the decentralized web. Launched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum has evolved far beyond its initial scope, becoming the backbone of the rapidly growing decentralized finance (DeFi) sector, NFTs, and countless other blockchain-based applications.

What sets Ethereum apart from other Layer 1 blockchains is its robust ecosystem, which is powered by its pioneering use of smart contracts. These self-executing contracts allow developers to build decentralized applications (dApps) that operate without the need for intermediaries, enabling a new era of innovation and automation.

3. Solana

Solana has emerged as a trailblazer in the Layer 1 blockchain arena, distinguishing itself through its unparalleled speed, scalability, and innovative consensus mechanism. Launched in 2020 by Anatoly Yakovenko and a team of visionary engineers, Solana was designed to overcome some of the most pressing limitations faced by earlier blockchains, such as Ethereum. At its core, Solana employs a unique combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve extraordinary transaction throughput and low latency.

This hybrid approach allows Solana to process thousands of transactions per second, significantly outpacing many of its competitors and making it a highly attractive platform for high-frequency trading, DeFi applications, and real-time data processing.

Solana’s architecture is crafted for efficiency, with its single global state and parallel processing capabilities allowing for seamless scalability without compromising decentralization. The blockchain’s high throughput is complemented by minimal transaction fees, which have made it a go-to choice for developers and users seeking cost-effective solutions. This has fueled an explosion of activity on the network, with a growing number of dApps, DeFi protocols, and NFT projects flocking to Solana to leverage its fast and affordable transaction environment.

Furthermore, Solana’s ecosystem is bolstered by a strong and active community, as well as substantial support from venture capital. The network’s focus on performance and innovation has attracted a diverse array of projects, from decentralized exchanges and lending platforms to gaming and metaverse initiatives. This vibrant ecosystem, combined with Solana’s commitment to continuous improvement and technical advancements, positions it as a formidable contender in the Layer 1 blockchain space.

4. Cardano

Cardano has distinguished itself as a premier Layer 1 blockchain through its rigorous, research-driven approach and its commitment to building a scalable and sustainable decentralized platform. Launched in 2017 by Charles Hoskinson, one of Ethereum’s co-founders, Cardano was designed with a focus on academic rigor and scientific principles, setting it apart from many other blockchain projects.

The platform utilizes a unique Ouroboros Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm, which not only ensures the security and integrity of the blockchain but also significantly enhances its scalability compared to traditional Proof of Work (PoW) systems. This innovative consensus mechanism is underpinned by peer-reviewed research, demonstrating Cardano’s dedication to creating a blockchain that is both technically sound and forward-thinking.

Cardano’s development is structured in a series of distinct phases, each aimed at addressing specific challenges and enhancing the platform’s capabilities. These phases, known as the Cardano roadmap, include Byron (the foundation phase), Shelley (decentralization), Goguen (smart contracts), Basho (scalability), and Voltaire (governance). This structured approach ensures that each aspect of the blockchain is meticulously developed and optimized, leading to a robust and versatile ecosystem.

The platform’s emphasis on sustainability and governance is also noteworthy. Cardano incorporates a treasury system and a decentralized voting mechanism, allowing stakeholders to propose and vote on future upgrades and project funding. This democratic approach to governance ensures that the platform evolves in a way that aligns with the community’s needs and priorities.

5. Binance 

Binance Smart Chain (BSC) has rapidly ascended as a leading Layer 1 blockchain, carving out a prominent position in the competitive landscape of decentralized technologies. Launched by Binance, one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, BSC was designed to address the scalability and high transaction costs associated with other blockchain platforms, while maintaining compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

This strategic compatibility allows developers to seamlessly port their Ethereum-based applications to BSC, thereby fostering a vibrant ecosystem of decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. BSC employs a hybrid consensus mechanism that combines Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) with delegated validators, enabling it to achieve high transaction throughput and low latency. This design choice is crucial in meeting the demands of a fast-paced blockchain environment where transaction speed and cost are paramount. BSC’s ability to process transactions quickly and affordably has made it a favored platform for various DeFi projects, NFT marketplaces, and gaming applications, contributing to its rapid adoption and expansive growth.

One of BSC’s standout features is its robust DeFi ecosystem, which includes a wide array of decentralized exchanges (DEXs), lending platforms, and yield farming opportunities. This ecosystem benefits from BSC’s low fees and high-speed transactions, providing users with an efficient and cost-effective alternative to other blockchain platforms. The growth of BSC’s DeFi sector is further supported by Binance’s substantial resources and its extensive network of partnerships, which bolster the platform’s development and integration across various sectors.

6. Polkadot

Polkadot has emerged as a groundbreaking leader in the Layer 1 blockchain space, redefining the concept of interoperability and multi-chain integration within the decentralized ecosystem. Founded by Dr. Gavin Wood, a co-founder of Ethereum, Polkadot was conceived to address the limitations of existing blockchains by enabling disparate networks to interoperate seamlessly.

At its core, Polkadot is built on a unique architecture comprising a central relay chain and a network of parachains. The relay chain, which is responsible for network security and consensus, ensures the overall stability of the system, while the parachains—individual blockchains that run in parallel—are tailored to specific use cases and can communicate with each other via the relay chain.

This innovative design allows Polkadot to achieve a high level of scalability and flexibility, as it supports multiple parachains with their own individual features and governance mechanisms, all while maintaining a unified security model. This multi-chain approach enables the creation of specialized blockchains that can handle specific tasks or industries, without the limitations typically imposed by a single-chain architecture. The ability of parachains to interact with each other opens up a vast array of possibilities for cross-chain functionality and decentralized applications (dApps) that can leverage the strengths of multiple blockchains simultaneously.

Polkadot’s governance model is another standout feature, designed to be both inclusive and adaptive. It employs a sophisticated mechanism where DOT token holders participate in on-chain governance, allowing them to propose and vote on upgrades and changes to the network. This democratic approach ensures that the platform can evolve in response to community feedback and emerging needs, fostering a dynamic and user-centric ecosystem.

7. Avalanche

Avalanche has rapidly ascended to the forefront of the Layer 1 blockchain landscape, distinguishing itself through its revolutionary consensus mechanism and unparalleled scalability. Launched in 2020 by Emin Gün Sirer and his team, Avalanche was engineered to address the inefficiencies of traditional blockchain platforms, offering a high-performance network that combines the best attributes of speed, decentralization, and security.

At its core, Avalanche utilizes a novel consensus protocol known as Avalanche consensus, which diverges from the typical Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanisms. This consensus approach relies on a unique process of randomized sampling and repeated voting, enabling the network to achieve finality within seconds and handle thousands of transactions per second, all while maintaining a high degree of security.

Avalanche’s architecture consists of three main chains—the X-Chain, C-Chain, and P-Chain—which work in harmony to deliver exceptional performance and flexibility. The X-Chain is optimized for asset transfers and exchanges, the C-Chain is fully compatible with Ethereum’s smart contracts and dApps, and the P-Chain coordinates network validators and manages staking. This multi-chain structure allows Avalanche to support a diverse range of applications and services, from decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms to non-fungible tokens (NFTs), all while ensuring efficient and scalable transactions.

Risks of Layer 1 and Layer 2 Blockchain Scaling Solutions

As blockchain adoption expands, scalability has become a key focus area, with Layer 1 and Layer 2 scaling solutions offering different approaches to enhance network performance. However, despite their potential to improve transaction speed and reduce costs, these scaling solutions also introduce various risks. Understanding the risks associated with both Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions is crucial for developers, users, and investors. This article explores the key risks posed by Layer 1 and Layer 2 blockchain scaling solutions.

Risks of Layer 1 Scaling Solutions

Layer 1 refers to the base protocol of a blockchain network. Enhancing Layer 1 performance involves making direct changes to the blockchain architecture. These changes, while improving scalability, come with certain risks.

1. Centralization Risk

One of the primary concerns with Layer 1 scaling, particularly solutions like block size increases, is centralization. As block sizes grow, the computational resources and storage capacity needed to run a full node also increase. This could discourage smaller nodes from participating in the network, leading to a more centralized system. Fewer nodes mean that fewer entities control the network, which weakens decentralization—a core principle of blockchain technology.

2. Security Vulnerabilities

Layer 1 scaling solutions, such as modifying consensus algorithms, could introduce new security risks. For instance, transitioning from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS) can make the network more energy-efficient and scalable, but it might also expose the network to risks such as long-range attacks or validator collusion. Moreover, implementing sharding (as seen in Ethereum 2.0) requires careful consideration to avoid compromising the integrity and security of the network as transactions are processed in smaller, isolated shards.

3. Complex Upgrades and Forking Risks

Upgrading a Layer 1 blockchain often involves large-scale changes to the underlying protocol, which can be technically complex and time-consuming. For example, Ethereum’s move to Ethereum 2.0 involves several phases and significant changes to the network. During such transitions, there is a risk of creating hard forks, where different factions in the community disagree on the upgrades and split into two separate chains. This can dilute the value of the original chain and confuse users and investors.

4. Compatibility Issues

Changes made at the Layer 1 level may result in compatibility issues with existing decentralized applications (dApps) or protocols. When a blockchain undergoes a fundamental upgrade, developers may need to adapt their applications to align with the new changes, leading to potential disruptions or vulnerabilities in the process.

Risks of Layer 2 Scaling Solutions

Layer 2 solutions, such as sidechains, state channels, and rollups, operate on top of Layer 1 blockchains to improve transaction throughput. While Layer 2 scaling offers immediate benefits, they also come with their own set of risks.

1. Security Reliance on Layer 1

Layer 2 solutions inherit the security of the underlying Layer 1 blockchain, but they introduce additional complexities that could compromise that security. For example, if there are vulnerabilities in how data is moved between Layer 2 and Layer 1, it could create attack vectors that malicious actors can exploit. In state channels or rollups, the final settlement happens on Layer 1, meaning if there’s a weakness in the Layer 2 architecture, it could expose the entire transaction history to attacks.

2. Liquidity and Asset Custody Risks

In some Layer 2 solutions like sidechains, assets must be locked on Layer 1 and moved to Layer 2, which introduces custody risks. If the Layer 2 platform experiences technical issues or gets hacked, users might lose access to their funds. Furthermore, liquidity can be fragmented between the two layers, which could affect user experience, particularly in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications where liquidity is essential for smooth operations.

3. Centralization Concerns

Many Layer 2 solutions require trusted validators or operators to manage off-chain transactions. These validators are responsible for overseeing transactions before they are settled on Layer 1. If these validators become compromised or behave maliciously, they can manipulate transactions. This creates centralization risks and undermines the decentralized nature of blockchain networks.

For example, Optimistic Rollups rely on validators to submit fraud proofs within a given timeframe. If these validators collude or fail to act in time, fraudulent transactions could go unnoticed, compromising the network’s integrity.

Also Read: 10 Best Blockchain Fintech Companies to Consider in 2025

4. User Experience Challenges

Interacting with Layer 2 solutions can be more complicated for users. Unlike Layer 1 networks, which offer a straightforward transaction process, Layer 2 solutions often involve additional steps, such as moving funds between layers or waiting for settlement. This complexity could deter non-technical users and slow down mainstream adoption of Layer 2 technologies. Additionally, long withdrawal times (especially in rollup solutions like Optimistic Rollups) may inconvenience users.

5. Data Availability Issues

Data availability is a key issue for some Layer 2 solutions like rollups. Rollups compress transaction data and submit it to Layer 1 for final settlement. If the compressed data is not fully available or there are disputes about the correctness of the data, it could lead to complications in processing withdrawals or finalizing transactions. This could cause delays and even open the door to fraudulent activities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Layer 1 (L1) blockchains represent much more than the foundational protocols of the crypto universe—they symbolize the beginning of a new paradigm in how we interact with technology, finance, and ownership. While Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum have laid the groundwork for decentralized ecosystems, their ongoing evolution signals an era of rapid innovation.

Scalability, speed, and energy efficiency are being addressed through advancements like sharding, proof-of-stake, and Layer 2 solutions. What’s truly exciting is the potential of Layer 1 to drive global inclusivity, offering access to financial services in underserved regions, creating open systems that anyone can build upon, and promoting transparent governance models.

As we move toward a multi-chain future where different Layer 1s are interoperable, the landscape of blockchain will expand beyond cryptocurrencies into decentralized applications (dApps), Web3, and the tokenized economy. This convergence could lead to decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) running corporations, supply chains powered by smart contracts, and even governments leveraging blockchain for voting and record-keeping.

The promise of Layer 1 is not just technological—it’s a societal shift that challenges traditional systems of authority, trust, and ownership, placing power back into the hands of individuals. In a world increasingly driven by data and connectivity, Layer 1 blockchains stand at the forefront of a decentralized, borderless future, reshaping industries and redefining our digital reality.